@inproceedings{wu_composition_2023,
  title         = {Composition and {Deformance}: {Measuring} {Imageability} with a {Text}-to-{Image} {Model}},
  doi           = {10.18653/v1/2023.wnu-1.16},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 5th {Workshop} on {Narrative} {Understanding}},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Wu, Si and Smith, David},
  editor        = {Akoury, Nader and Clark, Elizabeth and Iyyer, Mohit and Chaturvedi, Snigdha and Brahman, Faeze and Chandu, Khyathi},
  year          = {2023},
  pages         = {106--117}
}
@article{daoshan_discourse_2014,
  title         = {A Discourse Study of the {Iceberg} {Principle} in \emph{{A} {Farewell} to {Arms}}},
  language      = {en},
  author        = {Daoshan, MA and Shuo, Zhang},
  year          = {2014},
  journal       = {Studies in Literature and Language},
  number        = {8},
  issue         = {1},
  pages         = {80--84}
}
@incollection{strychacz_hemingway,
  title         = {`{T}he Sort of Thing You Should Not Admit': {Ernest} {Hemingway}'s Aesthetic of Emotional Restraint},
  language      = {en},
  pages         = {141--166},
  booktitle     = {Boys Don't Cry? Rethinking Narratives of Masculinity and Emotion in the U.S.},
  editor        = {Shamir, Milette and Travis, Jennifer},
  publisher     = {Columbia University Press},
  author        = {Strychacz, Thomas},
  year          = {2002},
  doi           = {10.7312/sham12034-009}
}
@article{fludernik_towards_1996,
  title         = {Towards a `Natural' Narratology},
  number        = {25},
  doi           = {10.1515/jlse.1996.25.2.97},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {2},
  journal       = {JLSE},
  author        = {Fludernik, Monika},
  year          = {1996},
  pages         = {97--141}
}
@book{burroway_writing_1987,
  title         = {Writing Fiction: {A} Guide to Narrative Craft},
  language      = {en},
  publisher     = {Little, Brown},
  author        = {Burroway, Janet},
  year          = {1987}
}
@misc{grisot_predicting_2022,
  title         = {Predicting Sentiments and Space in {Swiss} Literature Using {BERT} and {Prodigy}},
  url           = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0070-pub-29691146},
  language      = {eng},
  note          = {{CHR} 2022: {Computational} {Humanities} {Research} {Conference}},
  urldate       = {2025-12-08},
  author        = {Grisot, Giulia and Pennino, Federico and Herrmann, J. Berenike},
  year          = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{paragini_roots_2022,
  title         = {The Roots of Doubt: Fine-tuning a {BERT} Model to Explore a Stylistic Phenomenon},
  url           = {https://anet.be/record/opacirua/c:irua:192413},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  booktitle     = {{CHR} 2022: {Computational} {Humanities} {Research} {Conference}},
  author        = {Paragini, Margherita and Kestemont, Mike},
  year          = {2022},
  pages         = {72--91},
  editor        = {Karsdorp, Folgert and Lassche, Alie and Nielbo Kristoffer}
}
@inproceedings{silva_authorship_2023,
  title         = {Authorship {Attribution} of {Late} 19th {Century} {Novels} Using {GAN}-{BERT}},
  doi           = {10.18653/v1/2023.acl-srw.44},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 61st {Annual} {Meeting} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics} ({Volume} 4: {Student} {Research} {Workshop})},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Silva, Kanishka and Can, Burcu and Blain, Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric and Sarwar, Raheem and Ugolini, Laura and Mitkov, Ruslan},
  editor        = {Padmakumar, Vishakh and Vallejo, Gisela and Fu, Yao},
  year          = {2023},
  pages         = {310--320}
}
@book{ellen_j_esrock_readers_1994,
  title         = {The Reader's Eye},
  url           = {http://archive.org/details/readerseyevisual00esro},
  language      = {eng},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  publisher     = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
  author        = {{Ellen J. Esrock}},
  collaborator  = {{Internet Archive}},
  year          = {1994}
}
@article{kuzmicova_literary_2014,
  title         = {Literary {Narrative} and {Mental} {Imagery}: {A} {View} from {Embodied} {Cognition}},
  number        = {48},
  url           = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/style.48.3.275},
  issue         = {3},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  journal       = {Style},
  author        = {Kuzmi\v{c}ov\'{a}, Ane\v{z}ka},
  year          = {2014},
  publisher     = {Penn State University Press},
  pages         = {275--293}
}
@article{auracher_showing_2016,
  title         = {Showing with Words: {The} Influence of Language Concreteness on Suspense},
  number        = {6},
  doi           = {10.1075/ssol.6.2.03aur},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {2},
  journal       = {Scientific Study of Literature},
  author        = {Auracher, Jan and Bosch, Hildegard},
  year          = {2016},
  pages         = {208--242}
}
@phdthesis{gleason_seeing_2007,
  address       = {Evanston, Ill},
  type          = {Ph.{D}. {Thesis}},
  title         = {Seeing {Imagism}: {A} {Poetics} of {Literary} {Visualization}},
  school        = {Northwestern University},
  author        = {Gleason, Daniel W.},
  year          = {2007}
}
@article{magyari_eye_nodate,
  title         = {Eye Movements and Mental Imagery During Reading of Literary Texts with Different Narrative Styles},
  number        = {13},
  doi           = {10.16910/jemr.13.3.3},
  issue         = {3},
  journal       = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},
  author        = {Magyari, Lilla and Mangen, Anne and Kuzmi\v{c}ov\'{a}, Ane\v{z}ka and Jacobs, Arthur M. and L\"{u}dtke, Jana},
  date          = {2020},
  pages         = {1--35}
}
@article{pound_few_1913,
  title         = {A Few Don'ts by an {Imagiste}},
  number        = {1},
  url           = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/20569730},
  issue         = {6},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  journal       = {Poetry},
  author        = {Pound, Ezra},
  year          = {1913},
  pages         = {200--206}
}
@article{gleason_visual_2009,
  title         = {The {Visual} {Experience} of {Image} {Metaphor}: {Cognitive} {Insights} into {Imagist} {Figures}},
  number        = {30},
  doi           = {10.1215/03335372-2009-002},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {3},
  journal       = {Poetics Today},
  author        = {Gleason, Daniel W.},
  year          = {2009},
  pages         = {423--470}
}
@misc{sharma_vision_2024,
  title         = {A {Vision} {Check}-up for {Language} {Models}},
  doi           = {10.48550/arXiv.2401.01862},
  note          = {arXiv preprint},
  author        = {Sharma, Pratyusha and Shaham, Tamar Rott and Baradad, Manel and Fu, Stephanie and Rodriguez-Munoz, Adrian and Duggal, Shivam and Isola, Phillip and Torralba, Antonio},
  year          = {2024}
}
@article{dellantonio_measuring_2014,
  title         = {Measuring Inconsistencies Can Lead You Forward: {Imageability} and the X-ception Theory},
  number        = {5},
  doi           = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00708},
  journal       = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  author        = {Dellantonio, Sara and Mulatti, Claudio and Pastore, Luigi and Job, Remo},
  year          = {2014},
  pages         = {1--9}
}
@inproceedings{feldkamp_sentiment_2024,
  title         = {Sentiment {Below} the {Surface}: {Omissive} and {Evocative} {Strategies} in {Literature} and {Beyond}},
  booktitle     = {{CHR} 2024: {Computational} {Humanities} {Research} {Conference}},
  author        = {Feldkamp, Pascale and Overgaard, Ea Lindhardt and Nielbo, Kristoffer Laigaard and Bizzoni, Yuri},
  editor        = {Haverals, Wouter and Koolen, Marijn and Thompson, Laure},
  year          = {2024},
  url           = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3834/paper98.pdf},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11}
}
@article{martinez_imagining_2024,
  title         = {Imagining Emotions in Storyworlds: Physiological Narrated Perception and Emotional Mental Imagery},
  number        = {18},
  doi           = {10.3389/fnhum.2024.1336286},
  journal       = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  author        = {Mart\'{\i}nez, Mar\'{\i}a-Angeles},
  year          = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{wu_perplexing_2024,
  title         = {Perplexing {Canon}: {A} Study on {GPT}-based Perplexity of Canonical and Non-canonical Literary Works},
  url           = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.latechclfl-1.16},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 8th {Joint} {SIGHUM} {Workshop} on {Computational} {Linguistics} for {Cultural} {Heritage}, {Social} {Sciences}, {Humanities} and {Literature} ({LaTeCH}-{CLfL} 2024)},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Wu, Yaru and Bizzoni, Yuri and Moreira, Pascale and Nielbo, Kristoffer},
  editor        = {Bizzoni, Yuri and Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania and Kazantseva, Anna and Szpakowicz, Stan},
  year          = {2024},
  pages         = {172--184}
}
@inproceedings{bizzoni_matter_2024,
  title         = {A {Matter} of {Perspective}: {Building} a {Multi}-{Perspective} {Annotated} {Dataset} for the {Study} of {Literary} {Quality}},
  url           = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.71},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 2024 {Joint} {International} {Conference} on {Computational} {Linguistics}, {Language} {Resources} and {Evaluation} ({LREC}-{COLING} 2024)},
  publisher     = {ELRA and ICCL},
  author        = {Bizzoni, Yuri and Moreira, Pascale Feldkamp and Lassen, Ida Marie S. and Thomsen, Mads Rosendahl and Nielbo, Kristoffer},
  editor        = {Calzolari, Nicoletta and Kan, Min-Yen and Hoste, Veronique and Lenci, Alessandro and Sakti, Sakriani and Xue, Nianwen},
  year          = {2024},
  pages         = {789--800}
}
@incollection{lacey_introduction_2013,
  title         = {Introduction},
  doi           = {doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_1},
  language      = {en},
  booktitle     = {Multisensory {Imagery}},
  publisher     = {Springer},
  author        = {Lacey, Simon and Lawson, Rebecca},
  editor        = {Lacey, Simon and Lawson, Rebecca},
  year          = {2013},
  pages         = {1--8}
}
@incollection{abraham_emotional_2020,
  series        = {Cambridge {Handbooks} in {Psychology}},
  title         = {Emotional {Mental} {Imagery}},
  booktitle     = {The {Cambridge} {Handbook} of the {Imagination}},
  publisher     = {Cambridge University Press},
  author        = {Blackwell, Simon E.},
  editor        = {Abraham, Anna},
  year          = {2020},
  doi           = {10.1017/9781108580298.016},
  pages         = {241--257}
}
@article{goetz_imagery_1993,
  title         = {Imagery and Emotional Response in Reading Literary Text: {Quantitative} and Qualitative Analyses},
  number        = {22},
  doi           = {10.1016/0304-422X(93)90019-D},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {1-2},
  journal       = {Poetics},
  author        = {Goetz, Ernest T. and Sadoski, Mark and Stowe, Michael L. and Fetsco, Thomas G. and Kemp, Susan G.},
  year          = {1993},
  pages         = {35--49}
}
@article{sharma_paudyal_use_2023,
  title         = {The {Use} of {Imagery} and {Its} {Significance} in {Literary} {Studies}},
  number        = {14},
  doi           = {10.3126/ojes.v14i1.56664},
  journal       = {The Outlook: Journal of English Studies},
  author        = {Sharma Paudyal, Homa Nath},
  year          = {2023},
  pages         = {114--127}
}
@misc{sharma_what_2018,
  title         = {What {Makes} a {Contemporary} {Poem} {Great}?},
  url           = {https://medium.com/@merusharma1211/what-makes-a-contemporary-poem-great-3433095b1e0},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  language      = {en},
  note          = {Medium},
  author        = {Sharma, Meru},
  year          = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{umemura_tell_2021,
  title         = {Tell as {You} {Imagine}: {Sentence} {Imageability}-{Aware} {Image} {Captioning}},
  doi           = {10.1007/978-3-030-67835-7_6},
  language      = {en},
  booktitle     = {{MultiMedia} {Modeling}},
  publisher     = {Springer International Publishing},
  author        = {Umemura, Kazuki and Kastner, Marc A. and Ide, Ichiro and Kawanishi, Yasutomo and Hirayama, Takatsugu and Doman, Keisuke and Deguchi, Daisuke and Murase, Hiroshi},
  editor        = {Loko\v{c}, Jakub and Skopal, Tom\'{a}\v{s} and Schoeffmann, Klaus and Mezaris, Vasileios and Li, Xirong and Vrochidis, Stefanos and Patras, Ioannis},
  year          = {2021},
  pages         = {62--73}
}
@inproceedings{hessel_quantifying_2018,
  title         = {Quantifying the {Visual} {Concreteness} of {Words} and {Topics} in {Multimodal} {Datasets}},
  doi           = {10.18653/v1/N18-1199},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 2018 {Conference} of the {North} {American} {Chapter} of the {Association} for {Computational} {Linguistics}: {Human} {Language} {Technologies}, {Volume} 1 ({Long} {Papers})},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Hessel, Jack and Mimno, David and Lee, Lillian},
  editor        = {Walker, Marilyn and Ji, Heng and Stent, Amanda},
  year          = {2018},
  pages         = {2194--2205}
}
@inproceedings{verma_learning_2023,
  title         = {Learning the {Visualness} of {Text} {Using} {Large} {Vision}-{Language} {Models}},
  doi           = {10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.147},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 2023 {Conference} on {Empirical} {Methods} in {Natural} {Language} {Processing}},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Verma, Gaurav and Rossi, Ryan and Tensmeyer, Christopher and Gu, Jiuxiang and Nenkova, Ani},
  editor        = {Bouamor, Houda and Pino, Juan and Bali, Kalika},
  year          = {2023},
  pages         = {2394--2408}
}
@article{kastner_estimating_2020,
  title         = {Estimating the Imageability of Words by Mining Visual Characteristics from Crawled Image Data},
  number        = {79},
  doi           = {10.1007/s11042-019-08571-4},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {25},
  journal       = {Multimedia Tools and Applications},
  author        = {Kastner, Marc A. and Ide, Ichiro and Nack, Frank and Kawanishi, Yasutomo and Hirayama, Takatsugu and Deguchi, Daisuke and Murase, Hiroshi},
  year          = {2020},
  pages         = {18167--18199}
}
@article{reilly_formal_2007,
  title         = {Formal {Distinctiveness} of {High}- and {Low}-\hspace{0pt}{imageability} {Nouns}: {Analyses} and {Theoretical} {Implications}},
  number        = {31},
  doi           = {10.1080/03640210709336988},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {1},
  journal       = {Cognitive Science},
  author        = {Reilly, Jamie and Kean, Jacob},
  year          = {2007},
  pages         = {157--168}
}
@inproceedings{ljubesic_predicting_2018,
  title         = {Predicting {Concreteness} and {Imageability} of {Words} {Within} and {Across} {Languages} via {Word} {Embeddings}},
  doi           = {10.18653/v1/W18-3028},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the {Third} {Workshop} on {Representation} {Learning} for {NLP}},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Ljube\v{s}i\'{c}, Nikola and Fi\v{s}er, Darja and Peti-Stanti\'{c}, Anita},
  editor        = {Augenstein, Isabelle and Cao, Kris and He, He and Hill, Felix and Gella, Spandana and Kiros, Jamie and Mei, Hongyuan and Misra, Dipendra},
  year          = {2018},
  pages         = {217--222}
}
@article{paivio_concreteness_1968,
  title         = {Concreteness, Imagery, and Meaningfulness Values for 925 Nouns},
  number        = {76},
  doi           = {10.1037/h0025327},
  issue         = {1},
  journal       = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
  author        = {Paivio, Allan and Yuille, John C. and Madigan, Stephen A.},
  year          = {1968},
  publisher     = {American Psychological Association},
  pages         = {1--25}
}
@inproceedings{kao_computational_2012,
  title         = {A {Computational} {Analysis} of {Style}, {Affect}, and {Imagery} in {Contemporary} {Poetry}},
  url           = {https://aclanthology.org/W12-2502/},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the {NAACL}-{HLT} 2012 {Workshop} on {Computational} {Linguistics} for {Literature}},
  publisher     = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  author        = {Kao, Justine and Jurafsky, Dan},
  editor        = {Elson, David and Kazantseva, Anna and Mihalcea, Rada and Szpakowicz, Stan},
  year          = {2012},
  pages         = {8--17}
}
@inproceedings{zhao_new_2019,
  title         = {A {New} {Visual} {Interface} for {Searching} and {Navigating} {Slide}-{Based} {Lecture} {Videos}},
  booktitle     = {2019 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)},
  doi           = {10.1109/ICME.2019.00164},
  language      = {English},
  publisher     = {IEEE Computer Society},
  author        = {Zhao, Baoquan and Xu, Songhua and Lin, Shujin and Wang, Ruomei and Luo, Xiaonan},
  year          = {2019},
  pages         = {928--933}
}
@incollection{ellis_chapter_1991,
  series        = {Mental {Images} in {Human} {Cognition}},
  title         = {Chapter 21 {Word} Meaning and the Links between the Verbal System and Modalities of Perception and Imagery or {In} Verbal Memory the Eyes See Vividly, but Ears Only Faintly Hear, Fingers Barely Feel and the Nose Doesn't Know},
  number        = {80},
  booktitle     = {Advances in {Psychology}},
  publisher     = {North-Holland},
  author        = {Ellis, Nick},
  editor        = {Logie, Robert H. and Denis, Michel},
  year          = {1991},
  doi           = {10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60521-X},
  pages         = {313--329}
}
@inproceedings{liu_visual_2023,
  title         = {Visual {Captions}: {Augmenting} {Verbal} {Communication} with {On}-the-fly {Visuals}},
  doi           = {10.1145/3544548.3581566},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 2023 {CHI} {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems}},
  publisher     = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  editor        = {Schmidt, Albrecht and V\"{a}\"{a}n\"{a}nen, Kaisa and Goyal, Tesh and Kristensson, Per Ola and Peters, Anicia and Mueller, Stefanie and Williamson, Julie R. and Wilson, Max L.},
  author        = {Liu, Xingyu "Bruce" and Kirilyuk, Vladimir and Yuan, Xiuxiu and Olwal, Alex and Chi, Peggy and Chen, Xiang "Anthony" and Du, Ruofei},
  year          = {2023},
  pages         = {1--20}
}
@inproceedings{chen_predicting_2025,
  title         = {Predicting {Plain} {Text} {Imageability} for {Faithful} {Prompt}-{Conditional} {Image} {Generation}},
  doi           = {10.1007/978-981-96-0122-6_9},
  language      = {en},
  booktitle     = {{PRICAI} 2024: {Trends} in {Artificial} {Intelligence}},
  publisher     = {Springer Nature},
  author        = {Chen, Yufeng and Yue, Guanghui and Liu, Weide and Lv, Chenlei and Wang, Ruomei and Zhou, Fan and Zhao, Baoquan},
  editor        = {Hadfi, Rafik and Anthony, Patricia and Sharma, Alok and Ito, Takayuki and Bai, Quan},
  year          = {2025},
  pages         = {89--95}
}
@article{lynott_lancaster_2020,
  title         = {The {Lancaster} {Sensorimotor} {Norms}: Multidimensional Measures of Perceptual and Action Strength for 40,000 {English} Words},
  number        = {52},
  doi           = {10.3758/s13428-019-01316-z},
  language      = {eng},
  issue         = {3},
  journal       = {Behavior Research Methods},
  author        = {Lynott, Dermot and Connell, Louise and Brysbaert, Marc and Brand, James and Carney, James},
  year          = {2020},
  pages         = {1271--1291}
}
@article{cortese_imageability_2004,
  title         = {Imageability Ratings for 3,000 Monosyllabic Words},
  number        = {36},
  doi           = {10.3758/BF03195585},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {3},
  journal       = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, \& Computers},
  author        = {Cortese, Michael J. and Fugett, April},
  year          = {2004},
  pages         = {384--387}
}
@inproceedings{radford_learning_2021,
  title         = {Learning {Transferable} {Visual} {Models} {from} {Natural} {Language} {Supervision}},
  url           = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v139/radford21a.html},
  language      = {en},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 38th {International} {Conference} on {Machine} {Learning}},
  publisher     = {PMLR},
  author        = {Radford, Alec and Kim, Jong Wook and Hallacy, Chris and Ramesh, Aditya and Goh, Gabriel and Agarwal, Sandhini and Sastry, Girish and Askell, Amanda and Mishkin, Pamela and Clark, Jack and Krueger, Gretchen and Sutskever, Ilya},
  editor        = {Meila, Marina and Zhang, Tong},
  year          = {2021},
  pages         = {8748--8763}
}
@article{coltheart_mrc_1981,
  title         = {The {MRC} Psycholinguistic Database},
  number        = {33},
  doi           = {10.1080/14640748108400805},
  issue         = {4},
  journal       = {The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology},
  author        = {Coltheart, Max},
  year          = {1981},
  pages         = {497--505}
}
@article{brysbaert_concreteness_2014,
  title         = {Concreteness Ratings for 40 Thousand Generally Known {English} Word Lemmas},
  number        = {46},
  doi           = {10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5},
  language      = {en},
  issue         = {3},
  journal       = {Behavior Research Methods},
  author        = {Brysbaert, Marc and Warriner, Amy Beth and Kuperman, Victor},
  year          = {2014},
  pages         = {904--911}
}
@article{kao-jurafsky-2015-computational,
  title         = "A Computational Analysis of Poetic Style: Imagism and Its Influence on Modern Professional and Amateur Poetry",
  author        = "Kao, Justine T.  and Jurafsky, Dan",
  journal       = "Linguistic Issues in Language Technology",
  number        = "12",
  issue         = "3",
  year          = "2015",
  publisher     = "CSLI Publications",
  url           = "https://aclanthology.org/2015.lilt-12.3/",
  urldate       = "2025-11-11"
}
@misc{spacy_en_core_web_sm,
  title         = {en\_core\_web\_sm-3.8.0. {Models} for {English}},
  author        = {{SpaCy}},
  year          = 2024,
  note          = {explosion},
  url           = {https://github.com/explosion/spacy-models/releases/tag/en_core_web_sm-3.8.0},
  urldate       = {2025-11-11}
}
@software{spaCy,
  title         = {explosion/spaCy: v3.7.2: Fixes for APIs and requirements},
  author        = {Ines Montani and Matthew Honnibal and Adriane Boyd and Sofie Van Landeghem and Henning Peters},
  note          = {Zenodo},
  doi           = {10.5281/zenodo.10009823},
  date          = 2023
}
@inproceedings{bert-base-cased,
  author        = {Jacob Devlin and Ming{-}Wei Chang and Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova},
  title         = {{BERT:} Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding},
  editor        = {Burstein, Jill  and Doran, Christy  and Solorio, Thamar},
  booktitle     = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)},
  year          = {2019},
  doi           = {10.18653/v1/N19-1423},
  pages         = {4171--4186},
  publisher     = "Association for Computational Linguistics"
}