@book{aizstrauts1933,
  title       = {Mīlas un ārprāta varā},
  author      = {Aizstrauts, Vilis},
  year        = 1933,
  publisher   = {Latgrāmata},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{akuraters1921,
  title       = {Pēteris Danga},
  author      = {Akuraters, Jānis},
  year        = 1921,
  publisher   = {A. Gulbja apgādībā},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{ameel2014,
  title       = {Helsinki in early twentieth-century literature: urban experiences in Finnish prose fiction 1890–1940},
  author      = {Ameel, Lieven},
  publisher   = {Finnish Literature Society/SKS},
  series      = {Studia Fennica Litteraria, 8},
  language    = {english},
  date        = 2014
}

@article{baltijas1902,
  title       = {Rīga},
  author      = {{Baltijas Vēstnesis}},
  volume      = {},
  number      = 244,
  pages       = 3,
  doi         = {},
  language    = {latvian},
  date        = 1902,
  journaltitle = {Baltijas Vēstnesis}
}

@book{anon1926,
  title       = {Kapteinis Tālivaldis un viņa brīnišķīgie piedzīvojumi jeb No kuģapuikas par kapteini},
  author      = {Anonymous},
  year        = 1926,
  publisher   = {Viļņi},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@article{baklane2024,
  title       = {Latviešu senāko romānu atkārtotie izdevumi – datu kopas izveide un analīze},
  author      = {Baklāne, Anda and Ozols, Artis and Skvireckis, Eduards},
  volume      = {XXX11},
  number      = 12,
  pages       = {113--141},
  doi         = {10.52197/AQKR3401},
  language    = {latvian},
  date        = 2024,
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Library of Latvia}
}

@inproceedings{baklane2025,
  title       = {Extracting Semantically Related Concepts from the Corpus of Latvian Novels: A Comparative Analysis of Word2Vec, GPT-4o, and Gemini-1.5 Results},
  author      = {Baklāne, Anda and Saulespurēns, Valdis},
  year        = 2025,
  booktitle   = {DHNB 2025. Programme. Book of Abstracts},
  publisher   = {Estonian Literary Museum},
  url         = {https://dhnb.eu/conferences/dhnb2025/},
  note        = {Presented at DHNB2025 ‘Digital Dreams and Practices’}
}

@incollection{biedrins2021,
  title       = {Rīgas elektriskais tramvajs},
  author      = {Biedriņš, Andris},
  year        = 2021,
  booktitle   = {Transports. Eiropas kultūras mantojuma dienas},
  publisher   = {Mantojums},
  pages       = {56--57},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@article{bologna2020,
  title       = {A computational approach to urban space in science fiction},
  author      = {Bologna, Federica},
  volume      = 5,
  number      = 2,
  pages       = {37--60},
  doi         = {10.22148/001c.18120},
  language    = {english},
  date        = 2020,
  journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Analytics}
}

@online{budilovica2024,
  title       = {Pilsētas transports Latvijā},
  author      = {Budiloviča, Evelīna},
  year        = 2024,
  url         = {https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/89597-pils%C4%93tas-transports-Latvij%C4%81},
  urldate        = {2026-01-20},
  language    = {Latvian},
  organization = {Nacionālā enciklopēdija}
}

@book{caune2020,
  title       = {Rīgas satiksme pirms 100 gadiem},
  author      = {Caune, Andris},
  publisher   = {Zinātne},
  language    = {latvian},
  date        = 2020
}

@book{caks1930,
  title       = {Poēma par ormani},
  author      = {Čaks, Aleksandrs},
  year        = 1930,
  publisher   = {Zelta grauds},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{deglavs1891,
  title       = {Starp divām ugunīm},
  author      = {Deglavs, Augusts},
  year        = 1891,
  publisher   = {F. Gēliņš},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{deglavs1897,
  title       = {Jaunā pasaule},
  author      = {Deglavs, Augusts},
  year        = {1897--1899},
  publisher   = {Ernsts Plāte},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@article{dzimtenes1913,
  title       = {Vietējās ziņas},
  author      = {{Dzimtenes Vēstnesis}},
  volume      = {},
  number      = 123,
  pages       = 2,
  doi         = {},
  language    = {latvian},
  date        = 1913,
  journaltitle = {Dzimtenes Vēstnesis}
}

@article{eglaja2024,
  title       = {Pilsētas transportlīdzekļi latviešu senākajos romānos},
  author      = {Eglāja-Kristsone, Eva and Baklāne, Anda and Saulespurēns, Valdis},
  volume      = {XXX11},
  number      = 12,
  pages       = {65--96},
  doi         = {10.52197/DIOW5621},
  language    = {latvian},
  date        = 2024,
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Library of Latvia}
}

@book{erss1927,
  title       = {Aglonas dievmātes atgriešanās},
  author      = {Erss, Ādolfs},
  year        = 1927,
  publisher   = {Grāmatu Draugs},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@inproceedings{fan2023,
    author    = {Fan, Yaxin and Jiang, Feng and Li, Peifeng and Li, Haizhou },
    title     = {Uncovering the Potential of ChatGPT for Discourse Analysis in Dialogue: An Empirical Study},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)},
    year      = 2023,
    pages     = {16998--17010},
    language  = {english},
    doi       = {10.48550/arXiv.2305.08391}
}

@article{finch2023,
  title       = {Powered modernity, contested space: literary modernism and the London tram},
  author      = {Finch, Jason},
  volume      = {27},
  number      = {2},
  pages       = {288--308},
  doi         = {10.1080/13825577.2024.2307035},
  language    = {english},
  date        = 2023,
  journaltitle = {European Journal of English Studies}
}

@incollection{firth1957,
  title       = {A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930--55},
  author      = {Firth, John R.},
  year        = 1957,
  booktitle   = {Studies in Linguistic Analysis},
  publisher   = {Blackwell},
  series      = {Special Volume of the Philological Society},
  pages       = {1--31},
  language    = {english},
  editor      = {Firth, John R.}
}

@inproceedings{fridlund2023,
    author    = {Fridlund, Mats and Azar, Michael and Brodén, Daniel and McGuire, Michael},
    title     = {The Cultural Imaginary of Terrorism: Close and Distant Readings of Political Terror in Swedish News and Fiction During the Cold War},
    booktitle = {DHNB2023 Conference Proceedings},
    year      = 2023,
    pages     = {90--104},
    volume    = 5,
    number    = 1,
    language  = {english},
    doi       = {10.5617/dhnbpub.10653}
}

@incollection{gavin2015,
  title       = {‘I Saw a Great Deal of Trouble Amongst the Horses in London’: Anna Sewells’ "Black Beauty" and the Victorian Cab Horse},
  author      = {Gavin, Adrienne E.},
  year        = 2015,
  booktitle   = {Transport in British Fiction: Technologies of Movement, 1840--1940},
  publisher   = {Palgrave Macmillan},
  pages       = {101--122},
  language    = {english},
  editor      = {Gavin, Adrienne E. and Humphries. Andrew F.}
}

@book{graham2016,
  title       = {Exploring Big Historical Data: The Historian’s Macroscope},
  author      = {Graham, Shawn and Milligan Ian and Weingart, Scott},
  year        = 2016,
  publisher   = {Imperial College Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@techreport{gemini15,
  title       = {Gemini 1.5: Unlocking Multimodal Understanding Across Millions of Tokens of Context},
  author      = {{Gemini Team}},
  year        = 2024,
  institution = {Google DeepMind},
  doi         = {10.48550/arXiv.2403.05530},
  page        = {1--154},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{girupnieks1939,
  title       = {Ekspedicija zemes dziļumos},
  author      = {Ģirupnieks, Jānis},
  year        = 1939,
  publisher   = {Valters un Rapa},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{gulbis1925,
  title       = {Fantastu mantojums},
  author      = {Gulbis, Ansis},
  year        = 1925,
  publisher   = {A. Gulbis},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@article{harris1954,
  title       = {Distributional Structure},
  author      = {Harris, Zellig S.},
  year        = 1954,
  journal     = {WORD},
  volume      = 10,
  number      = {2--3},
  pages       = {146--162},
  doi         = {10.1080/00437956.1954.11659520},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{jaunsudrabins1911,
  title       = {Aija},
  author      = {Jaunsudrabiņš, Jānis},
  year        = 1911,
  publisher   = {J. Brigadera apgādība},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{jockers2013,
  title       = {Macroanalysis: Digital Methods in Literary History},
  author      = {Jockers, Matthew},
  year        = 2013,
  publisher   = {University of Illinois Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{kaija1913,
  title       = {Iedzimtais grēks},
  author      = {Kaija, Ivande},
  year        = 1913,
  publisher   = {Valters un Rapa},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{kaija1919,
  title       = {Jūgā},
  author      = {Kaija, Ivande},
  year        = 1919,
  publisher   = {A. Valtera, J. Rapas un biedru komisijā},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@article{karjus2025,
  title       = {Machine-assisted Quantitizing Designs: Augmenting Humanities and Social Sciences with Artificial Intelligence},
  author      = {Karjus, Andres},
  year        = 2025,
  volume      = 12,
  number      = 277,
  language    = {english},
  journal     = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communication},
  pages       = {1--18},
  doi         = {10.1057/s41599-025-04503-w}
}

@article{karkla2022,
  title       = {Liriskās ģeogrāfijas: literārās telpas kartēšana latviešu rakstnieču romānos un īsprozā},
  author      = {Kārkla, Zita and Eglāja-Kristsone, Eva},
  year        = 2022,
  journal     = {Letonica},
  number      = 47,
  pages       = {104--127},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{kaudzite1879,
  title       = {Mērnieku laiki},
  author      = {Kaudzīte, Matīss and Kaudzīte, Reinis},
  year        = 1879,
  publisher   = {H. Allunans},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@incollection{kellerman2019,
  title       = {Waiting for Railways (1830--1914)},
  author      = {Kellerman, Robin},
  year        = 2019,
  booktitle   = {Timescapes of Waiting: Spaces of Stasis, Delay and Deferral},
  publisher   = {Brill Rodopi},
  pages       = {35--57},
  language    = {english},
  editor      = {Singer, Christoph and Wirth, Robert and Berwald, Olaf}
}

@book{kloto1927,
  title       = {Sievietes uzvara},
  author      = {Kloto, Amanda},
  year        = 1927,
  publisher   = {Nākotnes Sieviete},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{kohlrausch2014,
  title       = {Races to Modernity: Metropolitan Aspirations in Eastern Europe, 1890--1940},
  author      = {Kohlrausch, Martin and Behrends, J. C.},
  year        = 2014,
  publisher   = {Central European University Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{lapins1934a,
  title       = {Pagrimušie},
  author      = {Lapiņš, Kārlis},
  year        = 1934,
  publisher   = {Grāmatu Draugs},
}

@book{lapins1934b,
  title       = {Studenti fermā},
  author      = {Lapiņš, Kārlis},
  year        = 1934,
  publisher   = {Autora izdevums},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{livesey2016,
  title       = {Writing the Stage Coach Nation: Locality on the Move in Nineteenth-Century British Literature},
  author      = {Livesey, Ruth},
  year        = 2016,
  publisher   = {Oxford University Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@incollection{mansbach2014,
  title       = {Capital Modernism in the Baltic Republics: Kaunas, Tallinn, and Riga},
  author      = {Mansbach, Steven A.},
  year        = 2014,
  booktitle   = {Races to Modernity: Metropolitan Aspirations in Eastern Europe, 1890--1940},
  publisher   = {Central European University Press},
  pages       = {309--328},
  editor      = {Behrends, Jan and Kohlrausch, Martin},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{materu1879,
  title       = {Sadzīves viļņi},
  author      = {Māters, Juris},
  year        = 1879,
  publisher   = {M. Māters},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@incollection{mcnees2010,
  title       = {Public Transport in Woolf’s City Novels: The London Omnibus},
  author      = {McNees, Eleanor},
  year        = 2010,
  booktitle   = {Woolf and the City: Selected Papers from the Nineteenth Annual Conference on Virginia Woolf},
  publisher   = {Clemson University Press},
  pages       = {31--39},
  language    = {english},
  editor      = {Evans, Elizabeth and Cornish, Sarah}
}

@article{mcshane2003,
  title       = {The Decline of the Urban Horse in American Cities},
  author      = {McShane, Clyde and Tarr, Joel},
  year        = 2003,
  journal     = {The Journal of Transport History},
  volume      = 24,
  number      = 2,
  pages       = {177--198},
  doi         = {10.7227/TJTH.24.2.4},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{mezsets1929,
  title       = {Apburtā pilsēta},
  author      = {Mežsēts, Augusts},
  year        = 1929,
  publisher   = {Grāmatu Draugs},
}

@article{mikolov2013,
  title       = {Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space},
  author      = {Mikolov, Tomas and Chen, Kai and Corrado, Greg and Dean, Jeffrey},
  year        = 2013,
  journal     = {arXiv preprint},
  doi         = {10.48550/arXiv.1301.3781},
  pages       = {1--12},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{moretti1998,
  title       = {Atlas of the European Novel: 1800--1900},
  author      = {Moretti, Franco},
  year        = 1998,
  publisher   = {Verso},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{moretti2005,
  title       = {Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for Literary History},
  author      = {Moretti, Franco},
  year        = 2005,
  publisher   = {Verso},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{moretti2013,
  title       = {Distant Reading},
  author      = {Moretti, Franco},
  year        = 2013,
  publisher   = {Verso},
  language    = {english}
}

@online{ostups2024,
  title       = {Laicena kunga ātruma izjūta: par dzejnieka Linarda Laicena (1883--1938) Berlīnes dzeju},
  author      = {Ostups, Artis},
  year        = 2024,
  journal     = {Punctum},
  url         = {https://www.punctummagazine.lv/2024/03/27/laicena-kunga-atruma-izjuta/},
  urldate     = {2026-01-20},
  language    = {latvian},
}

@book{paulockis1938a,
  title       = {Pasaules glābējs},
  author      = {Paulockis, Miķelis},
  year        = 1938,
  publisher   = {Senatne},
}

@book{paulockis1938b,
  title       = {Profesora Sūnas brīnišķīgais eliksīrs},
  author      = {Paulockis, Miķelis},
  year        = 1938,
  publisher   = {Senatne},
}

@book{paulockis1936,
  title       = {Vecās bākas noslēpums},
  author      = {Paulockis, Miķelis},
  year        = 1936,
  publisher   = {Laikmets},
}

@book{piper2018,
  title       = {Enumerations},
  author      = {Piper, Andrew},
  year        = 2018,
  publisher   = {The University of Chicago Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{plaudis1935,
  title       = {Ģimnāzisti},
  author      = {Plaudis, Jānis},
  year        = 1935,
  publisher   = {A. Gulbis},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{poruks1895,
  title       = {Pērļu zvejnieks},
  author      = {Poruks, Jānis},
  year        = 1895,
  publisher   = {E. Plāte},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{purapuke1892,
  title       = {Pasaules lāpītājs},
  author      = {Purapuķe, Jānis},
  year        = 1892,
  publisher   = {M. Jakobsons},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{prusa1936,
  title       = {Tāle vilina},
  author      = {Prūsa, Emīlija},
  year        = 1936,
  publisher   = {A. Gulbis},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@article{radak2023,
  title       = {Towards a Computational History of Modernism in European Literary History: Mapping the Inner Lives of Characters in the European Novel (1840--1920)},
  author      = {Radak, Tamara and Burnard, Lou and Francois, Pieter and Hilger, Agnes and Jannidis, Fotis and Palkó, Gábor and Patras, Roxana and Preminger, Michael and Santos, Diana and Schöch, Christof},
  year        = 2023,
  journal     = {Open Research Europe},
  volume      = 3,
  number      = 128,
  doi         = {10.12688/openreseurope.16290.2},
  pages       = {1--24},
  language    = {english}
}

@inproceedings{rehurek2010,
  title       = {Software Framework for Topic Modelling with Large Corpora},
  author      = {Řehůřek, Radim and Sojka, Petr},
  year        = 2010,
  booktitle   = {Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks},
  publisher   = {ELRA},
  pages       = {45--50},
  language    = {english},
  url         = {https://repozitar.cz/publication/15725/?lang=en},
  urldate     = {2026-01-20}
}

@article{rodman2020,
  title       = {A Timely Intervention: Tracking the Changing Meanings of Political Concepts with Word Vectors},
  author      = {Rodman, Emma},
  year        = 2020,
  journal     = {Political Analysis},
  volume      = 28,
  number      = 1,
  pages       = {87--111},
  language    = {english}
}

@article{rodriguez2023,
  title       = {Embedding Regression: Models for Context-Specific Description and Inference},
  author      = {Rodriguez, Pedro L. and Spirling, Arthur and Stewart, Brandon M.},
  year        = 2023,
  journal     = {American Political Science Review},
  volume      = 117,
  number      = 4,
  pages       = {1255--1274},
  doi         = {10.1017/S0003055422001228},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{rozitis1928,
  title       = {Ceplis},
  author      = {Rozītis, Pāvils},
  year        = 1928,
  publisher   = {Valters un Rapa},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{rozitis1936,
  title       = {Valmieras puikas},
  author      = {Rozītis, Pāvils},
  year        = 1936,
  publisher   = {Valters un Rapa},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{schivelbusch2014,
  title       = {The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century},
  author      = {Schivelbusch, Wolfgang},
  year        = 2014,
  publisher   = {University of California Press},
  language    = {english},
  origyear    = 1977
}

@article{schmucki2012,
  title       = {The Machine in the City: Public Appropriation of the Tramway in Britain and Germany, 1870--1915},
  author      = {Schmucki, Barbara},
  year        = 2012,
  journal     = {Journal of Urban History},
  volume      = 38,
  number      = 6,
  pages       = {1060--1093},
  language    = {english}, 
  doi         = {10.1177/0096144211435121}
}

@article{schoech2021eltec,
  title       = {Creating the European Literary Text Collection (ELTeC): Challenges and Perspectives},
  author      = {Schöch, Christof and Patras, Roxana and Erjavec, Tomaž and Santos, Diana},
  year        = 2021,
  journal     = {Modern Languages Open},
  volume      = 2021,
  number      = 1,
  pages       = {1--19},
  doi         = {10.3828/mlo.v0i0.364}
}

@book{skuju1912,
  title       = {Zem saules},
  author      = {Skuja, Frīdis},
  year        = 1912,
  publisher   = {K. Ķeirans},
  languege    = {latvian}
}

@book{skuju1924,
  title       = {Sidrabota saule lec},
  author      = {Skuja, Frīdis},
  year        = 1924,
  publisher   = {Latvijas Aizsardzības Biedrība},
  languege    = {latvian}
}

@online{stirna2024,
  title       = {Ātruma ierobežojums -- 12 kilometri stundā. Kā pa Rīgu sāka joņot pirmie auto},
  author      = {Stirna, Līga},
  year        = 2024,
  journal     = {Delfi},
  url         = {https://www.delfi.lv/a/120011444},
  urldate     = {2026-01-20},
  language    = {latvian},
}

@article{tenen2018,
  title       = {Toward a Computational Archaeology of Fictional Space},
  author      = {Tenen, Dennis Yi},
  year        = 2018,
  journal     = {New Literary History},
  volume      = 49,
  number      = 1,
  pages       = {119--147},
  doi         = {10.1353/nlh.2018.0005},
  language    = {english}
}

@article{tornberg2024,
  title       = {Best Practices for Text Annotation with Large Language Models},
  author      = {Törnberg, Petter},
  year        = 2024,
  journal     = {arXiv preprint},
  language    = {english},
  doi         = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.05129}
}

@book{underwood2019,
  title       = {Distant Horizons},
  author      = {Underwood, Ted},
  year        = 2019,
  publisher   = {The University of Chicago Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@book{upitis1913,
  title       = {Pēdējais latvietis},
  author      = {Upītis, Andrejs},
  year        = 1913,
  publisher   = {A. Golta apgādībā},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{upits1921,
  title       = {Zelts},
  author      = {Upīts, Andrejs},
  year        = 1921,
  publisher   = {D. Zeltiņa un A. Golta apgāds},
  language    = {latvian}
}

@book{veselis1934,
  title       = {Cilvēku sacelšanās},
  author      = {Veselis, Jānis},
  year        = 1934,
  publisher   = {Valters un Rapa},
}

@book{veselis1931,
  title       = {Dienas krusts},
  author      = {Veselis, Jānis},
  year        = 1931,
  publisher   = {Valters un Rapa},
}

@book{welsh2010,
  title       = {Underground Writing: The London Tube from George Gissing to Virginia Woolf},
  author      = {Welsh, David},
  year        = 2010,
  publisher   = {Liverpool University Press},
  language    = {english}
}

@article{ziems2023,
  title       = {Can Large Language Models Transform Computational Social Science?},
  author      = {Ziems, Calet and Held, William and Shaikh, Omar and Chen, Jiaao and Zhang, Zhehao and Yang, Diyi},
  year        = 2023,
  journal     = {Computational Linguistics},
  pages       = {1--53},
  doi         = {10.1162/coli_a_00502},
  volume      = 50,
  number      = 1,
  language    = {english}
}

@incollection{znotins2018,
  title       = {NLP-PIPE: Latvian NLP Tool Pipeline},
  author      = {Znotiņš, Artūrs and Cīrule, Elita},
  year        = 2018,
  booktitle   = {Human Language Technologies -- The Baltic Perspective},
  publisher   = {IOS Press},
  volume      = 307,
  pages       = {183--189},
  language    = {english}
}


@book{welsh2010,
  title       = {Underground Writing: The London Tube from George Gissing to Virginia Woolf},
  author      = {Welsh, David},
  year        = 2010,
  publisher   = {Liverpool University Press},
  language    = {english}
}